A Nash Bargaining Solution for Cooperative Network Formation Games

نویسندگان

  • Konstantin Avrachenkov
  • Jocelyne Elias
  • Fabio Martignon
  • Giovanni Neglia
  • Leon A. Petrosyan
چکیده

The Network Formation problem has received increasing attention in recent years. Previous works have addressed this problem considering only networks designed by sel sh users, which can be consistently suboptimal. This paper addresses the network formation issue using cooperative game theory, which permits to study ways to enforce and sustain cooperation among agents. Both the Nash bargaining solution and the Shapley value are widely applicable concepts for solving these games. However, we show that the Shapley value presents three main drawbacks in this context: (1) it is non-trivial to de ne meaningful characteristic functions for the cooperative network formation game, (2) it can determine for some players cost allocations that can be higher than those at the Nash Equilibrium (and then, if the players refuse to cooperate), and (3) it is computationally very cumbersome. For this reason, we solve the cooperative network formation game using the Nash bargaining solution (NBS) concept. More speci cally, we extend the NBS approach to the case of multiple players and give an explicit expression for users' cost allocations. Furthermore, we compare the NBS to the Shapley value and the Nash equilibrium solution, showing its advantages and appealing properties in terms of cost allocation to users and computation time to get the solution. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed Nash bargaining solution approach permits to allocate costs fairly to users in a reasonable computation time, thus representing a very e ective framework for the design of e cient and stable networks. Key-words: Network Formation, Cooperative Game Theory, Coalition, Nash bargaining solution, Shapley value ∗ INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France, [email protected] † Paris Descartes University, France, [email protected] ‡ University of Bergamo, Italy, [email protected] § INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France, [email protected] ¶ St. Petersburg State University, Russia, [email protected] in ria -0 05 44 52 7, v er si on 3 7 Ja n 20 11 A Nash bargaining solution for Cooperative Network Formation Games Résumé : Le problème de formation des réseaux a reçu une attention croissante ces dernières années. Les travaux précédents ont abordé ce problème supposant que les réseaux soient créés par des utilisateurs égoïstes ; toutefois, ces réseaux peuvent être systématiquement sous-optimaux. Cet article aborde le problème de formation des réseaux en utilisant la théorie des jeux coopératifs, qui permet d'étudier les moyens pour faire respecter et soutenir la coopération entre des agents. La solution de Nash bargaining et la valeur de Shapley sont des concepts largement applicables pour résoudre ces jeux. Cependant, nous montrons que la valeur de Shapley présente trois inconvénients majeurs dans ce contexte : (1) il nest pas évident de dé nir des fonctions caractéristiques signi catives pour le jeu que nous étudions, (2) il peut déterminer pour certains utilisateurs des allocations de coût plus élevées que celles à l'équilibre de Nash (et donc, si les joueurs refusent de coopérer), et (3) le temps de computation est très long. Pour cette raison, nous résolvons le jeu coopératif de formation de réseau en utilisant le concept de Nash bargaining solution (NBS). Plus spéci quement, nous étendons cette dernière approche au cas de plusieurs joueurs, et nous donnons une expression explicite pour l'allocation des coûts aux utilisateurs. En outre, nous comparons la NBS à la valeur de Shapley et à l'équilibre de Nash, montrant ses avantages et ses propriétés attrayantes en termes d'allocation des coûts aux utilisateurs et de temps de computation pour obtenir la solution. Les résultats numériques montrent que l'approche proposée permet d'allouer aux utilisateurs des coûts de manière équitable avec un temps de computation raisonnable, représentant un framework très e ectif pour la conception de réseaux e caces et stables. Mots-clés : Formation de Réseau, Théorie des Jeux Coopératifs, Coalition, Nash bargaining solution, valeur de Shapley in ria -0 05 44 52 7, v er si on 3 7 Ja n 20 11 A Nash bargaining solution for Cooperative Network Formation Games 3

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تاریخ انتشار 2011